OFICIAL Lista universităților de prestigiu din lume, ale căror diplome sunt recunoscute automat de România – publicată de Ministerul Educației

12.006 vizualizări
Foto: pixabay.com
Lista universităților de prestigiu din lume, ale căror diplome și certificate sunt recunoscute automat de România, a fost actualizată de Ministerul Educației și publicată în Monitorul Oficial. Lista integrală, publicată de Edupedu.ro în articol, cuprinde 634 de universități. Problemele cercetătorilor rămân, însă, nerezolvate de acest document. Gianina Chirazi, directorul Centrului Național de Recunoaștere și Echivalare a Diplomelor (CNRED), a declarat pentru Edupedu.ro că lista universităților de prestigiu “servește atât pentru continuarea studiilor, cât și pentru integrarea pe piața muncii în România”.

Ministerul Educației a publicat în Monitorul Oficial Ordinul nr. 5.462/2018 privind aprobarea listei universităților de prestigiu din alte state. Ordinul este semnat de secretarul de stat Gigel Paraschiv în mandatul interimar deținut de Rovana Plumb și a fost publicat joi, 6 decembrie 2018, în Monitor.

Clasamentele internaționale luate în considerate de Ministerul Educației

Contactată de Edupedu.ro, Gianina Chirazi, directorul Centrului Național de Recunoaștere și Echivalare a Diplomelor (CNRED) – instituția din subordinea Ministerului Educației care a realizat această listă – a declarat că “rankingurile luate în considerate de C.N.R.E.D. la realizarea listei universităților de prestigiu din lume sunt următoarele:

  • QS World University Rankings
  • Top Shanghai
  • Clasificarea Carnegie – un top dedicat tuturor instituțiilor de cercetare”.

“Lista servește atât pentru continuarea studiilor, cât și pentru integrarea pe piața muncii în România. Reactualizăm anual lista, să vedem care sunt pozițiile și cum evoluează anual (…) Experiența și expertiza ne-au indicat faptul că diplomele și actele emise de universitățile de prestigiu pot fi recunoscute automat. Și restul diplomelor sunt recunoscute, dacă vine un cetățean chinez cu o diplomă care nu e inclusă pe această listă, asta nu înseamnă că nu va fi recunoscută. Avantajul celor cu diplome emise de universitățile din această listă este că garantăm că în cazul lor nu se aplică măsuri compensatorii”, a precizat pentru Edupedu.ro directorul Centrului Național de Recunoaștere și Echivalare a Diplomelor.

În ceea ce privește problemele semnalate deseori de institutele de cercetare, inclusiv de Institutul Național de Fizică Nucleară de la Măgurele, care nu pot angaja cercetători din străinătate din cauza birocrației excesive din procesul recunoașterii diplomelor, Gianina Chirazi a explicat pentru Edupedu.ro: “noi am avut o masă rotundă de lucru chiar la nivelul consilierului prezidențial pentru educație și am ajuns la concluzia că legea cercetătorului este cea care prevede recunoașterea tuturor nivelurilor de studii. Concret, legea cercetătorului prevede că, la încadrarea în muncă, o persoană trebuie să facă dovada tuturor studiilor absolvite și înțeleg că urmau să modifice această lege. La noi, sunt din ce în ce mai puține solicitările”.

Amintim că legea educației prevede încă din 2011 obligația ca Ministerul Educației să realizeze o listă a universităților de prestigiu din alte state, pentru care recunoaște automat diplomele și certificatele.

Lista universităților de prestigiu din alte state
Australia

Australian National University
Bond University
Curtin University
Deakin University
Flinders University
Griffith University
James Cook University
La Trobe University
Macquarie University
Monash University
Queensland University of Technology
Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology
Swinburne University of Technology
University of Adelaide
University of Melbourne
University of New South Wales
University of Newcastle
University of Queensland
University of South Australia
University of Sydney
University of Tasmania
University of Technology Sydney
University of Western Australia
University of Western Sydney
University of Wollongong

Africa de Sud

Stellenbosch University
University of Cape Town
University of Pretoria
University of the Witwatersrand

Argentina

Universidad Austral (Austral University)
Pontificia Universidad Catolica Argentina ‘Santa Maria de los Buenos Aires’ (Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina)
Universidad de Belgrano (University of Belgrano)
Universidad de Buenos Aires (University of Buenos Aires)
Universidad de Palermo (University of Palermo)

Austria

University of Graz
Johannes Kepler University Linz
Medical University of Vienna
Medical University of Graz
University of Innsbruck
University of Vienna
Vienna University of Technology

Belgia

Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Catholic University of Leuven – Dutch-speaking)
Universite Catholique de Louvain (Catholic University of Leuven – French-speaking)
Vrije Universiteit Brussel (Free University of Bruxelles – Dutch-speaking)
Universite Libre de Bruxelles (Free University of Bruxelles – French-speaking)
Universiteit Gent (Ghent University)
Universiteit Antwerpen (University of Antwerp)
Universite de Liege

Belarus

Belarus State University

Brazilia

Federal University of Minas Gerais
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul
Sao Paulo State University / UNESP
State University of Campinas
Federal University of Sao Paulo
University of Sao Paulo

Brunei Darussalam

University of Brunei Darussalam
University of Technology Brunei

Cehia

Charles University

Chile

Pontifical Catholic University of Chile
University of Chile

Columbia

Externado University of Colombia
National University of Colombia
University of Los Andes (Colombia)

Coreea de Sud

Catholic University of Korea
Chung-Ang University / Central University
Dongguk University
Ewha Womans University
Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
Hankuk (Korea) University of Foreign Studies
Hanyang University
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
Korea University
KLyung Hee University
Pohang University of Science and Technology
Seoul National University
Sogang University
Sungkyunkwan University
Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology
University of Ulsan
Yonsei University

Canada

Universite Concordia
Dalhousie University
Universite Laval
McGill University
McMaster University
Queen’s University
Simon Fraser University
University of Calgary
University of Western Ontario
University of Alberta
University of British Columbia
University of Guelph
University of Manitoba
Universite de Montreal
University of Ottawa
University of Saskatchewan
University of Toronto
University of Victoria
University of Waterloo
York University

Danemarca

Aalborg University
Aarhus University
Technical University of Denmark
University of Copenhagen
Syddansk Universitet (University of Southern Denmark)

Elveția

Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne
Eidgenossische Technische Hochshule Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich)
Universitat Basel (University of Basel)
Universitat Bern (University of Bern)
Universite de Fribourg / Universitat Freiburg (University of Fribourg)
Universite de Geneve (University of Geneva)
Universite de Lausanne (University of Lausanne)
Universitat St. Gallen (University of St. Gallen)
Universitat Zurich (University of Zurich)

Emiratele Arabe Unite

American University of Sharjah
Khalifa University of Science, Technology & Research
United Arab Emirates University

Estonia

University of Tartu

Egipt

Cairo University
The American University in Cairo

Finlanda

Aalto University
Tampere University of Technology
University of Eastern Finland / Kuopio University
University of Helsinki
University of Jyvaskyla
University of Oulu
University of Turku

Franța

Institut d’etudes politiques de Paris
Universite Paris-Sorbonne (Paris IV)
Aix-Marseille Universite
Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1
Universite Grenoble Alpes
CentraleSupelec – Ecole Centrale de Paris
Ecole des Ponts ParisTech
Ecole Normale Superieure Paris-Saclay
Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon
Ecole Normale Superieure de Paris
Ecole Polytechnique
Institut national des sciences appliquees de Lyon
Universite Paris I Pantheon-Sorbonne
Universite Paris-Dauphine
Universite Paul Sabatier
Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la ville de Paris
Universite de recherche Paris Sciences et Lettres
Toulouse School of Echonomics
Universite Bordeaux 1 Sciences et Technologies
Universite de Lorraine
Universite de Montpellier 1
Universite Paris-Descartes Paris-V
Universite Paris VII – Diderot
Universite Paris – Sud 11
Universite de Strasbourg

Filipine

University of the Philippines

Germania

University of Brunswick – Institute of Technology
Darmstadt University of Technology
Dresden University of Technology
Free University of Berlin
Hannover Medical School
Humboldt University of Berlin
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
Ruhr University of Bochum
RWTH Aachen University
Technical University Munich
Technical University of Berlin
Saarland University
University of Bayreuth
University of Bielefeld
University of Bonn
University of Bremen
University of Cologne (University of Koeln)
University of Duisburg-Essen
University of Dusseldorf
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg
University of Frankfurt
University of Freiburg
University of Goettingen
University of Halle-Wittenberg
University of Hamburg
University of Hanover
University of Heidelberg
University of Hohenheim
University of Jena
University of Kiel
University of Konstanz
University of Leipzig
University of Mainz
University of Mannheim
University of Marburg
University of Munich
University of Munster
University of Rostock
University of Stuttgart
University of Tubingen
University of Ulm
University of Wurzburg

Grecia

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
National (Metsovian) Technical University of Athens

India

Indian Institute of Science
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
University of Delhi

Indonezia

Bandung Institute of Technology
Gadjah Mada University
University of Indonesia

Irlanda

Dublin City University
National University of Ireland, Galway
Trinity College Dublin
University College Cork – National University of Ireland, Cork
University College Dublin

Iran

Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic)
Sharif University of Technology
University of Tehran

Italia

Catholic University of the Sacred Heart
Polytechnic Institute of Milan
Polytechnic University of Turin
Sapienza University of Rome
Scuola Normale of Pisa
Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies
University of Bologna
University of Ferrara
University of Florence
University of Milan
University of Milano-Bicocca
University of Naples Federico II
University of Padua
University of Palermo
University of Pavia
University of Pisa
University of Trento
University of Turin

Israel

Bar-Ilan University
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Tel Aviv University
Weizmann Institute of Science

Japonia

Chiba University
Hiroshima University
Hitotsubashi University
Hokkaido University
Keio University
Kobe University
Kyoto University
Kyushu University
Nagoya University
Okayama University
Osaka University
Tohoku University
Tokyo Institute of Technology
Tokyo Medical and Dental University
Tokyo University of Science
University of Tokyo
University of Tsukuba
Waseda University
Yokohama City University

Lituania

Vilnius University

Malaezia

The National University of Malaysia
UCSI University
Universiti Putra Malaysia
University of Malaya
University of Science, Malaysia
University of Technology, Malaysia

Norvegia

Norwegian University of Science and Technology
University of Bergen
University of Oslo
University of Tromso – The Arctic University of Norway

Noua Zeelandă

Auckland University of Technology
Lincoln University
Massey University
The University of Auckland
University of Canterbury
University of Otago
University of Waikato
Victoria University of Wellington

Olanda

Delft University of Technology
Eindhoven University of Technology
Erasmus University Rotterdam
Free University Amsterdam (VU University Amsterdam)
Leiden University
Maastricht University
Radboud University Nijmegen
Tilburg University
University of Amsterdam
University of Groningen
University of Twente
Utrecht University
Wageningen University and Research Centre

Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii și al Irlandei de Nord

Prifysgol Aberystwyth (Aberystwyth University)
Aston University
Prifysgol Bangor (Bangor University)
Birkbeck, University of London
Brunel University
Prifysgol Caerdydd (Cardiff University)
City University of London
University of Durham
Goldsmiths University of London
Heriot-Watt University
Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine (Imperial College London)
King’s College London
London School of Economics and Political Science
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Loughborough University
Newcastle University
Oxford Brookes University
Queen Mary, University of London
Ollscoil na Banriona, Beal Feirste (Queen’s University Belfast)
Royal Holloway, University of London
SOAS University of London (School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London)
Prifysgol Abertawe (Swansea University)
University College London
University of Aberdeen
University of Bath
University of Birmingham
University of Bristol
University of Cambridge
University of Dundee
University of East Anglia
University of Edinburgh
University of Essex
University of Exeter
University of Glasgow
University of Kent
Lancaster University
University of Leeds
University of Leicester
University of Liverpool
University of Manchester
University of Nottingham
University of Oxford
University of Reading
University of Sheffield
University of Southampton
University of St Andrews
University of Stirling
Oilthigh Srath Chluaidh (University of Strathclyde)
University of Surrey
University of Sussex
University of Warwick
University of York

Regatul Arabiei Saudite

King Abdulaziz University
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals
King Khalid University
King Saud University

Rusia

Bauman Moscow State Technical University
Kazan (Volga region) Federal University
Lomonosov Moscow State University
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology State University
Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO University)
National Research Nuclear University (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute)
National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University
National Research University – Higher School of Economics
Novosibirsk State University
Saint Petersburg State University
RUDN University / The Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
Peter the Great Saint-Petersburg Polytechnic University
The National University of Science and Technology / Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys State Technological University
Tomsk State University
Ural Federal University – UrFU / Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin

Spania

Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (Autonomus University of Barcelona)
Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (Autonomus University of Madrid)
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (Charles III University of Madrid)
Universidad Complutense de Madrid (Complutense University of Madrid)
Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya (Polytechnic University of Catalonia)
Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (Polytechnic University of Madrid / Technical University of Madrid)
Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (Polytechnic University of Valencia)
Universidad de Alcala (University of Alcala)
Universitat de Barcelona (University of Barcelona)
Universidad de Granada (University of Granada)
Universidad de Navarra (University of Navarra)
Universitat Pompeu Fabra (University of Pompeu Fabra)
Universidad del Pais Vasco (University of the Basque Country)
Universitat de Valencia (University of Valencia)
Universidad de Zaragoza (University of Zaragoza)

Suedia

Chalmers University of Technology
Karolinska Institute
KTH Royal Institute of Technology
Linkoping University
Lund University
Stockholm University
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
Umea University
University of Gothenburg
Uppsala University

Thailanda

Chulalongkorn University
Mahidol University

China

Beihang University (Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics)
Beijing Institute of Technology
Beijing Normal University
Beijing University of Chemical Technology
Central South University
China Agricultural University
Dalian University of Technology
East China Normal University
East China University of Science and Technology
Fudan University
Harbin Institute of Technology
Huazhong University of Science and Technology
Hunan University
Jilin University
Lanzhou University
Nanjing Agricultural University
Nanjing University
Nanjing University of Science and Technology
Nankai University
Northwestern Polytechnical University
Peking University
Shandong University
Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Shanghai University
Sichuan University
Soochow University (Suzhou)
South China University of Technology
Southeast University
Sun Yat-sen University (Zhongshan University)
Tianjin University
Tongji University
Tsinghua University
University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC)
University of Science and Technology Beijing
University of Science and Technology of China
Wuhan University
Wuhan University of Technology
Xiamen University
Xi’an Jiaotong University
Zhejiang University

Regiunea Administrativă Specială Hong Kong a Republicii Chineze

City University of Hong Kong
Hong Kong Baptist University
Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
The University of Hong Kong

Macao

University of Macau

Pakistan

National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Islamabad
Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS)

Kazahstan

Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University
Al-Farabi Kazakh National University
Auezov South Kazakhstan State University
Kazakh National Research Technical University named after K.I.Satpaev
L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University

Liban

American University of Beirut
Saint Joseph University

Polonia

Jagiellonian University
University of Warsaw

Portugalia

Nova University of Lisbon
University of Aveiro
University of Coimbra
University of Lisbon
University of Minho
University of Porto

Serbia

University of Belgrade

Singapore
Nanyang Technological University
National University of Singapore
Singapore Management University

Slovenia

University of Ljubljana

Turcia

Bilkent University
Istanbul University
Koç University

Statele Unite ale Americii (SUA)

Arizona State University – Tempe
Baylor College of Medicine
Boston College
Boston University
Brandeis University
Brigham Young University
Brown University
California Institute of Technology
Carnegie Mellon University
Case Western Reserve University
City University of New York
Clark University
Clemson University
College of William & Mary
Colorado State University
Columbia University
Cornell University
Dartmouth College
Drexel University
Duke University
Emory University
Florida International University
Florida State University
George Mason University
George Washington University
Georgetown University
Georgia Institute of Technology
Georgia State University
Harvard University
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai / Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Illinois Institute of Technology
Indiana University Bloomington
Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis
Iowa State University
Johns Hopkins University
Kansas State University
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Mayo Medical School
Medical University of South Carolina
Michigan State University
Michigan Technological University
Missouri University of Science and Technology
New York University
North Carolina State University at Raleigh
Northeastern University
Northwestern University
Ohio State University, Columbus
Oklahoma State University – Stillwater
Oregon Health and Science University (University of Oregon)
Oregon State University
Pennsylvania State University, University Park
Princeton University
Purdue University, West Lafayette
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Rice University
Rockefeller University
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey – Newark
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey – New Brunswick
Southern Methodist University
Stanford University
State University of New York at Buffalo
State University of New York at Stony Brook
Stevens Institute of Technology
Syracuse University
Temple University
Texas A&M University, College Station
Texas Tech University
University of Alabama – Tuscaloosa
The University of Alabama at Birmingham
Tufts University
Tulane University
University at Albany, SUNY
University of Arizona
University of California, Berkeley
University of California, Davis
University of California, Irvine
University of California, Los Angeles
University of California, Riverside
University of California, San Diego
University of California, San Francisco
University of California, Santa Barbara
University of California, Santa Cruz
University of Central Florida
University of Chicago
University of Cincinnati
University of Colorado at Boulder
University of Colorado at Denver
University of Connecticut, Storrs
University of Delaware
University of Denver
University of Florida
University of Georgia
University of Hawaii at Manoa
University of Houston
University of Illinois at Chicago
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
University of Iowa
University of Kansas, Lawrence (including Medical Center)
University of Kentucky
University of Maryland, Baltimore
University of Maryland, Baltimore County
University of Maryland, College Park
University of Massachusetts Amherst
University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
University of Massachusetts – Boston
University of Miami
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
University of Missouri, Columbia
University of Montana, Missoula
University of Nebraska-Lincoln
University of New Hampshire, Durham
University of New Mexico, Albuquerque
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
University of North Texas
University of Notre Dame
University of Oklahoma – Norman
University of Oregon
University of Pennsylvania
University of Pittsburgh
University of Rochester
University of South Carolina, Columbia
University of South Florida
University of Southern California
University of Tennessee, Knoxville
University of Texas at Austin
University of Texas at Dallas
University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas
University of Utah
University of Vermont
University of Virginia
University of Washington
University of Wisconsin-Madison
University of Wyoming
Utah State University
Vanderbilt University
Virginia Commonwealth University
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Wake Forest University
Washington State University
Washington University in St. Louis
Wayne State University
Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Yale University
Yeshiva University

Mexic

Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education
National Autonomous University of Mexico

Qatar

Qatar University

Oman

Sultan Qaboos University

Taiwan

Chang Gung University
China Medical University
National Central University
National Cheng Kung University
National Chiao Tung University
National Sun Yat-Sen University
National Taiwan Normal University
National Taiwan University
National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
National Tsing Hua University
National Yang Ming University
Taipei Medical University

Ucraina

Vasyl N. Karazin Kharkiv National University

Ungaria

University of Szeged

Ce prevede Ordinul nr. 5.462/2018 privind aprobarea listei universităților de prestigiu din alte state

Art. 1. – Se aprobă lista universităților de prestigiu din alte state prevăzută de art. 216 alin. (2) lit. f) din Legea educației naționale nr. 1/2011, cu modificările și completările ulterioare, prevăzută în anexa**) care face parte integrantă din prezentul ordin.
Art. 2 – Lista prevăzută la art. 1 va fi reactualizată de Ministerul Educației Naționale, conform prevederii art. 216 alin. (2) lit. f) din Legea educației naționale nr. 1/2011, cu modificările și completările ulterioare.
Art. 3. – Consiliul Național de Atestare a Titlurilor, Diplomelor și Certificatelor Universitare, Direcția generală învățământ universitar, Centrul Național de Recunoaștere și Echivalare a Diplomelor și instituțiile de învățământ superior duc la îndeplinire prevederile prezentului ordin.
Art. 4. – Prezentul ordin se publică în Monitorul Oficial al României, Partea I.”

Ce spune Legea Educației

Art. 2016:
(2) Ministerul Educației Naționale are următoarele atribuții principale:
(…)
f) organizează recunoașterea și echivalarea diplomelor și certificatelor conform normelor interne și în conformitate cu normele europene; elaborează metodologia prin care se pot recunoaște automat diplomele și certificatele obținute în universități din statele membre ale Uniunii Europene, ale Spațiului Economic European și în Confederația Elvețiană, precum și în universități de prestigiu din alte state, pe baza unei liste aprobate și reactualizate de Ministerul Educației Naționale; organizează recunoașterea automată a funcțiilor didactice universitare și a calității de conducător de doctorat, conform unei metodologii proprii; încasează sume, în lei sau în valută, pentru recunoașterea și echivalarea diplomelor și certificatelor și pentru vizarea actelor de studii;

 

Foto: pixabay.com

 


2 comments
  1. Ce inseamna recunoastere “automata”, ca este eliminata birocratia (in comparatie cu diplomele Romanesti)? Daca da, atunci este automata. Daca nu, nu este vorba de recunoastere automata ci de o lista care usureaza munca birocratilor; adica una spun (ei) si alta fac.

    1. Asa este nici o diploma nu este recunoscuta automat doar ca se recunosc ușor, fără o procedura nu se poate trebuie verificate autenticitatea etc

Lasă un răspuns

Adresa ta de email nu va fi publicată. Câmpurile obligatorii sunt marcate cu *

You May Also Like

Irlanda, prima ţară din UE cu restricţii pentru întreaga populaţie timp de 6 săptămâni, lasă școlile şi creşele deschise. Premierul irlandez: “nu ne vom permite ca viitorul copiilor şi tinerilor noştri să fie o altă victimă a acestei boli”

Irlanda va fi prima ţară din UE care va institui restricţii pentru întreaga populaţie începând din noaptea de miercuri spre joi, în contextul pandemiei de COVID-19, a anunţat luni premierul…
Vezi articolul

Impact puternic al nivelului de educație al părinților asupra situației materiale a copiilor: România are cea mai mare rată din UE a copiilor din familii care se confruntă cu lipsuri – 85%, mai mult decât dublul mediei europene

În 2021, 39% dintre copiii din UE care trăiau în gospodării cu un nivel de educație scăzut (cel mult învățământul secundar inferior) au fost afectați de lipsuri materiale, în comparație…
Vezi articolul